11.6 MariaDB安装
将二进制包下载到/usr/local/src:
[root@hyc-01-01 ~]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# ls
mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz
mysql-5.6.39-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
解压包：
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# tar zxvf mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz
移动文件到/usr/local下并改名：
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# mv mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64 /usr/local/mariadb
创建mysql用户
初始化创建datadir：
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mariadb
最好指定basedir（包的路径），否则有可能会用mysql的包文件初始化
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# echo $?
0
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ls /data/mariadb
aria_log.00000001 ib_buffer_pool ib_logfile0 mysql test
aria_log_control ibdata1 ib_logfile1 performance_schema
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ls /data/mysql
auto.cnf ibdata1 ib_logfile1 performance_schema
hyc-01-01.err ib_logfile0 mysql test
拷贝配置文件：
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# cd /usr/local/mariadb
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ls support-files/
binary-configure my-large.cnf mysql-log-rotate wsrep_notify
magic my-medium.cnf mysql.server
my-huge.cnf my-small.cnf policy
my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf mysqld_multi.server wsrep.cnf
mariadb的support-files目录下有多个配置文件模板；
根据内存大小不同，选择不同的配置文件，可以指定合适的缓存，让mariadb达到更高效的性能；
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# cp support-files/my-small.cnf /usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf
为了与mysql的配置文件区分，放在一个不同的路径下
拷贝启动脚本：
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mariadb
编辑配置文件：
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# vim /usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf
…
# The MySQL server
[mysqld] 以下为配置文件主要部分
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 16K
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 4
sort_buffer_size = 64K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K
net_buffer_length = 2K
thread_stack = 240K
# Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement,
…
编辑启动脚本：
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# vim /etc/init.d/mariadb
…
basedir=/usr/local/mariadb 指定包路径
datadir=/data/mariadb 指定数据存放路径
conf=$basedir/my.cnf 指定配置文件路径
# Default value, in seconds, afterwhich the script should timeout waiting
…
# may be overwritten at next upgrade.
$bindir/mysqld_safe --defaults-file="$conf" --datadir="$datadir" --pid-file="$mysqld_pid_file_path" "$@" &
wait_for_ready; return_value=$?
…
在启动时指定配置文件路径,否则有可能去找/etc/my.cnf
启动mariadb：
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ps aux|grep mysql 检查mysqld是否启动（mysqld与mariadb监听一个端口）
root 30625 0.0 0.0 112676 980 pts/5 R+ 07:36 0:00 grep --color=auto mysql
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# /etc/init.d/mariadb start 启动
Reloading systemd: Error getting authority: Error initializing authority: Could not connect: No such file or directory (g-io-error-quark, 1)
[ 确定 ]
Starting mariadb (via systemctl): Error getting authority: Error initializing authority: Could not connect: No such file or directory (g-io-error-quark, 1)
[ 确定 ]
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# echo $? 检查启动是否成功
0
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ps aux|grep mariadb
root 29830 0.2 0.2 152156 2220 pts/0 T 05:29 0:19 wget https://downloads.mariadb.com/MariaDB/mariadb-10.2.6/bintar-linux-glibc_214-x86_64/mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz
root 30659 0.0 0.1 115388 1732 ? S 07:38 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/localmariadb/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --datadir=/data/mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/hyc-01-01.pid
mysql 30775 1.3 4.9 1125124 49700 ? Sl 07:38 0:00 /usr/local/mariadb/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mariadb --datadir=/data/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mariadb/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/data/mysql/hyc-01-01.err --pid-file=/data/mysql/hyc-01-01.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root 30814 0.0 0.0 112676 984 pts/5 R+ 07:39 0:00 grep --color=auto mariadb
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# netstat -lntp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 849/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 953/master
tcp 0 0 192.168.31.129:1122 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 10724/rsync
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 849/sshd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 953/master
tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 30775/mysqld
一台机器安装了mysql和mariadb，两个数据库都会有配置文件
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ps aux|grep mysql
root 30659 0.0 0.1 115388 1732 ? S 07:38 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mariadb/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --datadir=/data/mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/hyc-01-01.pid
mysql 30775 0.2 4.9 1125124 49832 ? Sl 07:38 0:01 /usr/local/mariadb/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mariadb --datadir=/data/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mariadb/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/data/mysql/hyc-01-01.err --pid-file=/data/mysql/hyc-01-01.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root 30817 0.0 0.0 112676 984 pts/5 R+ 07:47 0:00 grep --color=auto mysql
由于系统没有在mariadb的配置文件中找到datadir相关参数，所以系统会到/etc/my.cnf下查找datadir参数，此时datadir不是mariadb的/data/mariadb，而是my.cnf中的datadir
编辑mariadb配置文件，指定datadir：
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# vim /usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf
…
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
datadir = /data/mariadb 指定datadir
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 16K
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 4
sort_buffer_size = 64K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K
net_buffer_length = 2K
thread_stack = 240K
…
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# /etc/init.d/mariadb stop 停止mariadb
Stopping mariadb (via systemctl): [ 确定 ]
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# /etc/init.d/mariadb start 启动mariadb
Starting mariadb (via systemctl): [ 确定 ]
[root@hyc-01-01 mariadb]# ps aux|grep mariadb
root 5522 0.1 0.1 115388 1732 ? S 20:16 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mariadb/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --datadir=/data/mariadb --pid-file=/data/mariadb/hyc-01-01.pid
mysql 5641 3.8 6.1 1125024 62040 ? Sl 20:16 0:00 /usr/local/mariadb/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/usr/local/mariadb/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mariadb --datadir=/data/mariadb --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mariadb/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/data/mariadb/hyc-01-01.err --pid-file=/data/mariadb/hyc-01-01.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3310
root 5683 0.0 0.0 112676 984 pts/0 R+ 20:16 0:00 grep --color=auto mariadb
11.7 Apache安装（上）
httpd是一个web服务软件；
Apache是一个基金会，该基金会依靠httpd起家；
在最早的版本中该软件叫apache，从2.0版本开始改名叫httpd；
目前主流版本2.4；
由于2.4版本涉及apr和apr-util，所以2.2和2.4版本的安装方法略有不同；
apr和apr-util是通用函数库，使httpd可以不关心底层操作系统平台，方便移植（将apache从windows放到linux上也可以正常运行）；
由于涉及apr、apr-util，所以2.2版本和2.4版本依赖的apr版本不同，centos使用yum安装的apr与2.4版本不匹配，无法使用，所以需要自己编译；
下载相关的包：
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.34.tar.gz
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# wget http://mirrors.cnnic.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.6.3.tar.gz
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# wget
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# ls
apr-1.6.3.tar.gz mariadb-10.2.6-linux-glibc_214-x86_64.tar.gz
apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz mysql-5.6.39-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
httpd-2.4.34.tar.gz
11.8 Apache安装（中）
解压软件包：
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# tar zxvf httpd-2.4.34.tar.gz
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# tar zxvf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# tar zxvf apr-1.6.3.tar.gz
安装apr：
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-1.6.3]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
报错：
checking for gcc... no
checking for cc... no
checking for cl.exe... no
configure: error: in `/usr/local/src/apr-1.6.3':
configure: error: no acceptable C compiler found in $PATH
See `config.log' for more details
解决：
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-1.6.3]# yum install -y gcc
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-1.6.3]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr 重新执行
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-1.6.3]# make && make install
安装apr-util：
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
报错：
xml/apr_xml.c:35:19: 致命错误：expat.h：没有那个文件或目录
#include <expat.h>
^
编译中断。
make[1]: *** [xml/apr_xml.lo] 错误 1
make[1]: 离开目录“/usr/local/src/apr-util-1.6.1”
make: *** [all-recursive] 错误 1
解决：
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-util-1.6.1]# yum install -y expat-devel
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install 重新执行
[root@hyc-01-01 apr-util-1.6.1]# ls /usr/local
apr bin games lib libexec mysql share
apr-util etc include lib64 mariadb sbin src
/usr/local下生成了apr和apr-util两个目录
安装httpd：
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2.4 --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util --enable-so --enable-mods-shared=most
报错：
checking for pcre-config... false
configure: error: pcre-config for libpcre not found. PCRE is required and available from
解决：
pcre是正则表达式的驱动库，支持正则表达式必须依赖该库；
库相关的包会带有lib或devel字样；
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# yum list|grep pcre 搜索pcre相关的包
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# yum install -y pcre-devel
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# make
报错：
/usr/local/apr-util/lib/libaprutil-1.so: undefined reference to `XML_SetElementHandler'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [htpasswd] 错误 1
make[2]: 离开目录“/usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.34/support”
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] 错误 1
make[1]: 离开目录“/usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.34/support”
make: *** [all-recursive] 错误 1
解决：
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2.4 --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util --enable-so --enable-mods-shared=most --with-included-apr
再报错：
configure: error: Bundled APR requested but not found at ./srclib/. Download and unpack the corresponding apr and apr-util packages to ./srclib/.
apr，apr-util缺失，需要下载并解压到./srclib/目录下
解决：
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# cd /usr/local/src
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# cp -r apr-1.6.3 /usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.34/srclib/apr
[root@hyc-01-01 src]# cp -r apr-util-1.6.1 /usr/local/src/httpd-2.4.34/srclib/apr-util
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2.4 --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util --enable-so --enable-mods-shared=most --with-included-apr 重新执行
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# make 重新编译
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# make install
11.9 Apache安装（下）
查看安装的apache目录文件：
[root@hyc-01-01 httpd-2.4.34]# cd /usr/local/apache2.4
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# ls
bin cgi-bin error icons lib man modules
build conf htdocs include logs manual
[root@hyc-01-01 bin]# du -sh httpd
2.3M httpd
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# du -sh modules/
6.4M modules/
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd –M 查看httpd都加载了哪些模块
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/apachectl –M 结果同上
apachectl是一个shell文件，它调用了二进制的httpd，-M用于列出模块信息
模块分类：
static 模块被编译进了主脚本中，该模块与二进制httpd文件是一个整体
shared 扩展模块，该模块为一个.so文件，在modules目录下，独立于httpd，可以选择是否加载
bin：存放可执行文件，该目录下的httpd二进制文件用于启动httpd服务
conf：配置文件所在目录
htdocs：默认网页文件存放在该目录下
logs：存放错误和访问日志
man：帮助文档相关
modules：扩展模块文件（.so），一个模块即一个.so文件，每个模块代表一个功能
启动apache：
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/apachectl start
AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::d46b:4589:4da1:2f34. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# echo $?
0
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# ps aux|grep httpd
root 63943 0.0 0.2 95580 2524 ? Ss 23:24 0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
daemon 63944 0.0 0.4 382408 4424 ? Sl 23:24 0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
daemon 63945 0.0 0.4 382408 4424 ? Sl 23:24 0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
daemon 63946 0.0 0.4 382408 4424 ? Sl 23:24 0:00 /usr/local/apache2.4/bin/httpd -k start
root 64044 0.0 0.0 112720 984 pts/0 R+ 23:24 0:00 grep --color=auto httpd
[root@hyc-01-01 apache2.4]# netstat -lntp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 889/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1142/master
tcp6 0 0 :::3310 :::* LISTEN 5641/mysqld
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 63943/httpd
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 889/sshd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1142/master
tcp6 0 0 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 3381/mysqld